The Arab Christians: From the Eastern Question to the Recent Political Situation of the Minorities

Endnotes

1 A. Fattal, Le statut legal des non-musulmans en pays d'Islam (Beirut: Imprimérie Catholique, 1958).

2 Bat. Ye'or, Les Chrétientés d'Orient entre jihad et dhimmitude, VII-XX siècle (Paris: Cerf, 1991).

3 e.g. see Albert Hourani, Les Chrétiens d'Orient (Paris: Peyronnet, 1955); Robert Brendon Betts, Christians in the Arab East, a Political Study (Athens: Lycabettus Press, 1975); Ronald D. McLaurin, (ed.), The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1979); Laurent Chabry and Annie Chabry, Politique et minorities au Proche-Orient: les raisons d'une explosion (Paris: Maisonneuve&Larose, 1987); Moredechai Nisan, Minorities in the Middle East, a History of Struggle and Self Expression (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1991).

4 B. Ghalioun, The Community Question and the Problem of Minorities (in Arabic) (Beirut: Dar el Talia 1979); L. Chabry and A. Chabry, Politique et minorities au Proche-Orient ; M. Nisan, Minorities in the Middle East .

5 For an exploration and a pluralist consideration of the problem of the minorities and ethnic groups, see Ibrahim Sa'd Eddine, Humum al-aqalliyyat fi l-watan al-'arabi [The concerns of the minorities in the Arab Homeland] (Cairo: Ibn Khaldun Study Center, 1994).

6 On this point see Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (eds.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, the Functioning of a Plural Society, 2 vols. (New York: Holmes&Meier, 1982).

7 Frederick William Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1929).

8 Herman Tüchle, Cornélius Bouman, and Jacques Le Brun, Nouvelle histoire de l'Eglise, 3 (Paris: Seuil, 1968); B.Homsy, Les Capitulations et la protection des Chrétiens au Proche-Orient au XVI, XVII, XVIII siècles (Harissa, 1956); R. Mohanna Haddad, Syrian Christians in Muslim Society. An Interpretation (Princeton, 1970).

9 Jean-Pierre Valognes, Vie et mort des Chrétiens d'Orient. Des origins à nos jours (Paris: Fayard, 1994).

10 Ibid.80.

11 See Joseph Hajjar, Les Chrétiens uniates du Proche-Orient (Paris: Seuil, 1962).

12 Matthew Smith Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774-1923 (London: Macmillan, 1966).

13 About this matter see Georges Corm, L'Europe et l'Orient (Paris: La Découverte, 1989).

14 See Youssef Courbage and Philippe Fargues, Chrétiens et Juifs dans l'Islam arabe et turc (Paris: Fayard, 1992).

15 J.-P. Valognes, Vie et mort des Chrétiens d'Orient .

16 Cf. The question asked by Col. Qadhafi in August 1990: 'How can you be Arab and Christian?'